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Category: Higher Ed Research

Divergent Views on International Student Retention Among Administrators, Students

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In an effort to boost international student retention, a new survey by the : Association of International Educators seeks to understand why international students drop out or transfer before earning a degree. The survey asked 517 international undergraduate students, of which 110 had either transferred or were planning to transfer, about their college experience and their reasons for changing schools.听 In a parallel survey, about 500 international education professionals were asked why they thought international students transferred.

The students who participated in the study cited financial factors as the top reasons for their dissatisfaction:

  • Limited access to jobs and internships (37 percent)
  • Affordability (36 percent)
  • Dearth of scholarship opportunities (34 percent)
  • Meal plans (26 percent)
  • Quality of housing (17 percent)

Interestingly, the factors that educators believe are hurting international student retention are quite different. Although nearly two-thirds of international education professionals named 鈥渇inancial problems鈥� as a primary cause of attrition, the other top reasons they listed focused more on academic preparedness and fit:

  • Finding a 鈥渂etter fit鈥� institution (67 percent)
  • Financial problems (64 percent)
  • Academic difficulties (62 percent)
  • Inadequate English language skills (40 percent)
  • Dissatisfaction with location (34 percent)

The findings suggest that there is a disconnect between the expectations of international undergraduates and those of college administrators. quotes Rahul Choudaha, the report鈥檚 principal investigator, as saying, 鈥淪tudents may be underestimating the academic preparation expected to be on a campus and they are overestimating the availability of jobs, availability of scholarships, availability of financial aid and so on.鈥� College recruiters, thus, should help manage international students鈥� expectations by recognizing and being upfront about the availability of job and scholarship opportunities on their campus. In addition, as international students may be underestimating the level of academic and language preparedness necessary to succeed at American universities, special tutoring and academic advising services may be required to help them succeed and stay. Together, these approaches could help boost retention and clarify expectations, so both administrators and students have a better experience.

To read the NAFSA findings, click . Or, check out the or articles on the issue.

A Blueprint for Sexual Assault Prevention and Response

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In April 2013, UW President Michael K. Young how the UW could better respond to and prevent sexual assault on campus. The Task Force, which included leaders from the Counseling Center, HR, Athletics, Academic Units, Student Government, Housing and Food Services, UWPD, Harborview, and Bothell and Tacoma campuses, put out a in October 2013. Given the current focused on the issue of sexual assault on college campuses, and the need for a comprehensive response, the UW鈥檚 report can be seen as a blueprint for creating a successful sexual assault prevention and response program.

Here are the eight major goals for any sexual assault prevention and response program, as outlined by the report:

  1. Have a visible, robust, easily-accessible, collaborative network of response and intervention services for students in need
  2. Educate all students about sexual assault
  3. Create a community that knows how to respond and provide support
  4. Provide an investigation and disciplinary process appropriate for sexual assault
  5. Demonstrate compliance with all applicable federal and state laws, regulations, and guidance
  6. Generate data, metrics and reporting that allow for sound decision making
  7. Establish policies and procedures that set direction, clarify intent, and guide coordinated work
  8. Provide effective oversight and following guiding principles to ensure common direction

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The Task Force also included 18 concrete and specific recommendations, including听 hiring a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner at the UW Medical Center, providing better sexual assault prevention training to students and staff at orientation, and revising UW policies related to sexual assault, to ensure that these goals are met. It also gave a list of funding priorities, such as hiring a consultant to overhaul the Student Conduct Code, funding the UWPD Victim Advocate and a Sexual Assault Investigator, and funding training and materials. The group will convene again in October to give a status update to the President, and will have periodic meeting after that to measure progress and define new goals and recommendations.

To read the Task Force鈥檚 full report, please click .

 

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Great Expectations: Accenture College Graduate Employment Survey

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Accenture recently from their annual college graduate employment survey. The survey polls more than 2,000 students, including recent graduates and prospective graduates. Similar to last year鈥檚 findings, the 2014 report claims that on average, prospective college graduates are overly optimistic when it comes to their opportunities for training and prospective level of compensation.

  • While 80 percent of recent grads expect to receive formalized training from their employer, just 48 percent of 2012/13 grads received such training.
  • 43 percent of 2014 survey respondents expect to earn more than $40,000 at their first job, but only 21 percent of employed 2012/13 grads are actually earning that much.
  • 46 percent of 2012/13 grads feel that they are significantly underemployed, compared to 41 percent last year.

Despite their optimism, it seems college students have also become more practical when it comes to choice of major. Seventy-five percent of students graduating in 2014 claim they took job prospects into account when they chose their major, up from 65 percent in 2012. Furthermore, nearly three-quarters are willing to move out-of-state in order to land a job.

Accenture recommends that employers reassess their hiring strategies in light of these results. Instead of searching for the perfect candidate for an entry-level position, the company should invest in training and education programs that will help retain the employee and help them grow. Furthermore, given the willingness of recent grads to relocate, companies should consider advertising for their positions outside of their local area in order to attract the best talent.

To read our post about last year鈥檚 report, please click . Or, check out the full .

International Graduate Applications Increase, But Countries of Origin Shift

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The Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) released its on Thursday, which revealed that the number of international student applications to U.S. graduate schools increased by 7 percent in 2014 and, for the second year in a row, Chinese applications fell slightly, while those from students in India soared.

Chinese graduate applications (and enrollments) had steadily increased for the better part of a decade. But, in 2013, the number of graduate applications from China dropped by 3 percent and, this year, that number fell by another 1 percent. Meanwhile, Indian applications increased by 22 percent in 2013 and by an even more impressive 32 percent in 2014.

鈥淭he distribution of applications by country of origin鈥� remains a concern,鈥� the CGS report states, noting that Chinese applications trends have historically been more stable than Indian applications trends. Past fluctuations in Indian applications appear to have primarily resulted from changing economic circumstances and exchange rates; however CGS鈥檚 president, Debra W. Stewart, to tightening student-visa rules in the U.K.

The number of new Indian students at English universities since 2010-11, which observers partially ascribe to the elimination of post-study work opportunities for international students and, as notes, other U.K. immigration policy changes that have made the U.K. appear less welcoming of international students.

According to an article by , 鈥淪tewart said she worries that unless American lawmakers reform the visa system to make it easier for international students to stay and work after graduation, the United States could lose whatever edge it may have.鈥�

The Chinese slowdown is likely a more permanent change resulting (at least partially) from China鈥檚 push to improve its own research universities. The report鈥檚 other noteworthy findings include that Brazilian graduate applications increased by 33 percent鈥攚hich could be due in part to the Brazilian government鈥檚 massive scholarship program鈥攁nd that graduate applications from Africa, Europe and the Middle East (the three world regions reported on) all showed increases as well.

Figures for 2014 are preliminary and subject to revision in a CGS report planned for August.

Income-Driven Repayment Options in the US

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recently published a white paper entitled The white paper does a great job of summarizing existing income-driven repayment (IDR) plans that are available to students in the US (see the table below, which was drawn from page 4 of the report). TICAS highlights the complicated nature of many of the IDR options, and questions whether the US should automatically enroll students in IDR, as is the case in the UK and Australia. While automatically enrolling borrowers in IDR may help reduce default rates and lessen the burden of student loans, it may also increase the time horizon for paying off loans, thereby increasing the amount that borrowers ultimately pay over the lifetime of the loan.

Summary of Existing Income-Driven Repayment Plans in the US
听 Available Eligibility Monthly Payment Cap Discharge After
Income-Based Repayment (Classic IBR) Since 2009 All borrowers with federal student loans (Direct or FFEL), new or old, with a partial financial hardship (PFH). 15% of discretionary

income

 25 years
Income-Based

Repayment

(2014 IBR)

 Starting July

2014

 Borrowers who take out their first loan on or after July 1, 2014, and have a PFH. 10% of discretionary

income

 20 years
Pay As You Earn

(PAYE)

 Since late 2012 Direct Loan borrowers who took out their first loan after Sept. 30, 2007 and at least one after Sept. 30, 2011, and have a PFH. 10% of discretionary

income

 20 years
Income-Contingent

Repayment (ICR)

 Since 1994 Borrowers with Direct Loans, new or old; no PFH requirement. The lesser of: 20% of

discretionary income and

12-yr repayment amount x

income percentage factor

 25 years

For more information on the details of IDR and the benefits and challenges of the system, please check out the .

New Report Suggests Graduate Student Debt Deserves Legislative Attention

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A recent report by New America, titled , reveals that much of the nation鈥檚 鈥�$1 trillion in outstanding federal student debt鈥� is the result of expensive graduate and professional degrees, rather than unaffordable undergraduate educations.

The report, which analyses recently publicized data from the Department of Education, shows that around 40 percent of recent federal loan disbursements are for graduate student debt. Moreover, the paper shows that graduate student debt across a variety of fields鈥攏ot just business school and medical school鈥攃omprises some of the largest increases in student borrowing between 2004 and 2012.听Thus, the authors recommend that legislators, journalists, and the public at large adjust their understanding of student debt to recognize that it鈥檚 not just undergraduate problem.

Most news stories highlight the debt of graduate students鈥攚hich tend to have much larger loan balances鈥攜et journalists typically don鈥檛 differentiate graduate debt from undergraduate debt.听 makes a compelling argument for why this lack of differentiation is a problem and why it deserves legislative attention:

鈥淭he failure to distinguish between undergraduate and graduate debt in discussions of college costs is a serious flaw in how we think about student debt. Students, families, and taxpayers invest significant resources in financing 鈥渃ollege,鈥� largely because a bachelor鈥檚 or associate degree is a must for anyone who wants to secure a middle-class income… But arguments for high levels of subsidy for students who attend graduate and professional school are on shakier ground. While a graduate or professional degree boosts a student鈥檚 earnings prospects and the economy at large, it is not the foundation for economic opportunity and middle-class earnings that a two- or four-year degree now provides. Students pursuing graduate degrees should be far more informed consumers. Therefore, they shouldn鈥檛 need a lot of public support to finance their next credential, which is why there are no Pell Grants for master鈥檚 degrees. That spike in debt for graduate degrees should also focus policymakers鈥� attention on an impending tidal wave of loan forgiveness for graduate students and the lack of loan limits for students pursuing graduate degrees.鈥�

You can read more about New America鈥檚 report at and .

Special Report on State Disinvestment in Public Higher Education

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The Chronicle of Higher Education recently published a special report on public colleges, detailing how state funding declines and rising tuition have put increasing pressure on largely need blind public colleges and the students they enroll. The first section of the report, 鈥�,鈥� shows the decline in state funding for higher education through the eyes of six interested parties鈥攁 lobbyist, an anti-tax activist, a state Senate member, a Governor, a higher education advocate, and a university president. The second essay, 鈥�,鈥� cautions that state disinvestment in higher education has shifted the cost burden such that students and their families pay for more than half of their education in many states. The third piece, 鈥�,鈥� warns that public higher education no longer serves as a ladder for upward mobility, since college costs are often too much for low-income students to bear and financial aid has not kept up with rising tuition. The fourth and fifth sections, 鈥�鈥� and 鈥�鈥� contain info-graphics that show the decline in state support for public colleges between 1987 and 2012, as well as detail the cost sharing breakdown between students and the state.

The Office of Planning & Budgeting has done similar analyses in the past few years. Despite the fall in state support, the UW has remained committed to providing generous need-based financial aid. As a result, the net price of attending the UW is $9,395. Check out OPB鈥檚 analysis of net price at the UW and our peer institutions

To read the full special report, check out the Chronicle鈥檚 .

Research Suggests MOOCs Primarily Serve the Well-Educated

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Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania recently surveyed students who had taken at least one of Penn鈥檚 twenty-four MOOCs and viewed at least one online video lecture.听Findings from the responses of 34,779 students revealed that 80 percent of the MOOC-takers already had a 2- or 4-year degree and that 44 percent already had some graduate education. This 听supports the platitude that MOOCs primarily serve the well-educated.

The trend was observed for MOOC students in the U.S., as well as those in developing countries, and even those in countries where MOOCs are popular. Coursera 鈥� the MOOC provider for Penn and several other universities 鈥� has made 鈥渁ccess鈥� central to its mission of bringing world-class education to everyone. However, notes:

鈥淐oursera has taken a hands-off approach to publicity, relying almost entirely on word of mouth (and its university partners) to spread awareness of MOOCs. It stands to reason that much of the hubbub about MOOCs has occurred in well-educated circles. Combine that with spotty Internet availability in underprivileged communities, and it makes sense that only the most privileged populations have had occasion to take a MOOC.鈥�

Coursera says they are working on several projects to help reach underserved students, particularly those without internet access. One of these efforts (we assume) are the global 鈥渓earning hubs鈥� discussed in a and in this NY Times .

Although the findings are noteworthy, the authors mention two important caveats:

  1. Their findings don鈥檛 necessarily mean MOOCs will never reach underrepresented populations, just that they haven鈥檛 done so yet; and
  2. The respondents represent only a small percentage of students registered for Penn MOOCs, let alone all MOOCs; thus 鈥渢he survey may not be generalizable.”

College Board also Releases 鈥淓ducation Pays 2013鈥�

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The College Board recently published 鈥�,鈥� which provides data on U.S. adults鈥櫶齦evel of education听and its impact on earnings, employment, health-related behaviors, reliance on public assistance programs, civic participation, and more. The goal of the report, the authors say, is to highlight the ways in which individuals and society benefit from increased levels of education. The authors note, 鈥淔inancial benefits are easier to document than non-pecuniary benefits, but the latter may be as important to students themselves, as well as to the society in which they participate.鈥�

Many old trends continue to hold true. Having a college education increases one鈥檚 chances of: being employed, earning a higher income, receiving health insurance and pension benefits, climbing the socioeconomic ladder, being an engaged citizen, and of leading a healthier lifestyle.听 These individual benefits translate to larger, societal benefits, including less government spending on public assistance programs, more tax revenue, and greater civic involvement.

A few noteworthy data points about earnings include:

  • In 2011 (the most recent year for which income data is available), the median pre-tax earnings of full-time workers with a bachelor鈥檚 degree* were $21,100 higher than those of full-time workers with only a high school diploma.
  • As workers age, earnings increase more quickly for those with higher levels of education. For instance, at ages 25-29, full-time workers with a bachelor鈥檚 degree earn 54 percent ($15,000) more than their high school graduate counterparts; but at ages 45-49, they earn 86 percent ($32,000) more.
  • During a standard 40-year full-time working career, median earnings are 65 percent higher for those with a bachelor鈥檚 degree than for those with only high school diploma.
  • 鈥淐ompared to a high school graduate, the median four-year college graduate who enrolls at age 18 and graduates in four years can expect to earn enough by age 36 to compensate for being out of the labor force for four years and for borrowing the full tuition and fee amount without any grant aid.鈥�

The report also provides some interesting facts about participation and success in higher education, such as:

  • Large gaps in enrollment rates and patterns persist, particularly with lower income students. However, gaps between the enrollment rates of black and Hispanic high school graduates and those of white high school graduates narrowed significantly between 2001 and 2011.
  • Although educational attainment rates are increasing, attainment rates and patterns vary noticeably by demographic groups. For example, the percentage of black females ages 25 to 29 who have a bachelor鈥檚 degree doubled between 1982 and 2012鈥攇oing from 12 to 24 percent鈥攚hereas the percentage of black males increased from 11 to 16 percent.
  • In the U.S., public funding makes up a smaller percentage of total funding for higher education than in most other developed countries.

* 鈥淏achelor鈥檚 degree鈥� means a bachelor鈥檚 degree, but not a more advanced degree.

College Board Releases 2013 Edition of 鈥淭rends in College Pricing鈥�

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The College Board released its 2013 edition of 鈥溾�� on Tuesday.听 The report provides information on what colleges and universities are charging in 2013-14; how prices vary by state, region, and institution type; pricing trends over time; and net tuition and fees鈥攚hat students and families actually pay after accounting for financial aid.

Here are a few noteworthy points about prices at public four-year institutions:

  • The average published tuition and fees for full-time resident undergraduates at public four-years increased by 2.9 percent between 2012-13 and 2013-14, going from $8,646 to $8,893鈥攖his is the smallest percentage increase in over 30 years.
  • In 2013-14, full-time students at public four-years will receive an estimated average of $5,770 in grant aid and tax benefits.
  • Thus, average net tuition and fees for full-time resident undergrads at public four-years will be about $3,120 in 2013鈥�14鈥攗p from a temporary low of $1,940 (inflation-adjusted dollars) in 2009-10.

And a few key points about private nonprofit four-year institutions:

  • The average published tuition and fees for full-time students at private nonprofit four-years increased by 3.8 percent between 2012-13 and 2013-14, going from $28,989 to $30,094.
  • In 2013-14, full-time undergrads at private nonprofit four-years will receive an estimated average of $17,630 in grant aid and tax benefits.
  • Thus, average net tuition and fees for full-time undergrads at private nonprofit four-years will be about $12,460 in 2013-14鈥攗p from a temporary low of $11,550 (inflation-adjusted dollars) in 2011-12, but down from $13,600 a decade earlier.

Average net prices in all sectors took a noteworthy dip around 2010 due, in part, to significant increases in Pell Grants and veterans benefits that occurred in 2009鈥�10 as well as the 2009 implementation of the American Opportunity Tax Credit. However, some of those benefits have been scaled back since their initial launch. Moreover, total state appropriations declined by 19 percent between 听2007-08 and 2012-13 and FTE enrollment in public institutions increased by 11 percent over that same time. Consequently, net prices have risen in the last few years for all sectors, but most noticeably in the public sector.听 It is important to remember that there are many variations by institution, region, and state.听 Even within institutions, different students pay different prices based on their financial circumstances, program of study, year in school, academic qualifications, athletic ability, etc.

See 听and 听for additional analysis and discussion of the report.