Humans re-shape the environments where they live, with cities being among the most profoundly transformed environments on Earth. New research now shows that these urban environments are altering the way life evolves.
A study led by evolutionary biologists at the University of Toronto Mississauga and including the 天美影视传媒 examines whether parallel evolution is occurring in cities all over the world. In findings published March 18 in the journal , the analyzed data collected by 287 scientists in 160 cities in 26 countries, who sampled the white clover plant in their cities and nearby rural areas.
What they found is the clearest evidence yet that humans in general, and cities specifically, are a dominant force driving the evolution of life globally.
鈥淲e鈥檝e long known that we鈥檝e changed cities in pretty profound ways and we鈥檝e dramatically altered the environment and ecosystems,鈥� said co-lead author James Santangelo, a doctoral student at the University of Toronto Mississauga. 鈥淏ut we just showed this happens, often in similar ways, on a global scale.鈥�
The researchers examined white clover because it is one of the few organisms present in almost every city on Earth, providing a tool to understand how urban environments influence evolution. The study illustrates that the environmental conditions in cities tend to be more similar to each other than to nearby rural habitats. In that sense, downtown Toronto is more comparable to downtown Tokyo in many ways than it is to surrounding farmland and forests outside of the city.
In addition to observing global adaptation to cities, researchers identified the genetic basis of that adaptation and the environmental drivers of evolution. White clover produces hydrogen cyanide as both a defense mechanism against herbivores and to increase its tolerance to water stress, and the study found that clover growing in cities typically produce less of it than clover in neighboring rural areas due to repeated adaptation to urban environments.
It is the changes in the presence of herbivores and water stress in cities that is pushing white clover to adapt differently than their rural counterparts.
That finding holds true for cities across various climates, and the implications reach far beyond the humble clover plant.
鈥淚ncreasing evidence shows that urbanization is causing rapid evolution in heritable traits of many plants and animal populations which provide important ecosystem functions that support human well-being, such as nutrient cycling, seed dispersal and biodiversity,鈥� said co-author , UW professor of urban design and planning. “Finding a clear signal that cities are altering trait changes across the globe has important implications for ecosystems鈥� adaptive capacity that enables their stability and resilience in the face of rapid global environmental change.鈥�
The information from this study can be used to start developing strategies to better conserve rare species and allow them to adapt to urban environments, researchers said. It can also help experts better understand how to prevent unwanted pests and diseases from adapting to human environments. In collecting more than 110,000 clover samples and sequencing more than 2,500 clover genomes, the team also created a massive dataset for further research.
鈥淭his study is a model to understand how humans change the evolution of life around us. Cities are where people live, and this is the most compelling evidence we have that we are altering the evolution of life in them. Beyond ecologists and evolutionary biologists, this is going to be important for society,鈥� said co-author Rob Ness, an assistant professor of biology at the University of Toronto Mississauga.
Other UW co-authors on the study, all doctoral students in the Urban Ecology Research Lab, are Karen Dyson, Tracy Fuentes and Meen Chel Jung.
For more information, contact Alberti at malberti@uw.edu.
This story is adapted from a press release from the University of Toronto Mississauga.