Though they may be small, microorganisms are the most abundant form of life in the ocean. Marine microbes are responsible for making of the organic carbon that鈥檚 usable by life. Many marine microbes live near the surface, depending on energy from the sun for photosynthesis.
Yet between the low supply of and high competition for some key nutrients, like nitrogen, in the open ocean, scientists have puzzled over the vast diversity of microbial species found there. Researchers from the 天美影视传媒, in collaboration with researchers from 12 other institutions, show that time of day is key, according to a published Jan. 20 in Nature Ecology & Evolution.
The effort began in 2015, when scientists in the , a program now co-led by UW oceanography professor , looked at microbes in the surface of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the Earth鈥檚 largest stretch of contiguous ocean.
鈥淸We were interested in] understanding how that fluctuation of photosynthesis during the day and the absence thereof at night propagates through the microbial community [in the ocean],鈥� explained co-first author , who did the work as a doctoral student at the UW and is now a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Chicago. 鈥淭hat influences how the ecosystem overall functions, how much carbon is stored, where the carbon moves around, and how organisms might interact with each other.鈥�
By integrating data on the timing of metabolic processes of different microbes in the surface ocean throughout the 24-hour light cycle 鈥� from the transcription of genes for proteins used in metabolism to the synthesis of molecules, like lipids, into the microbes鈥� cells 鈥� the researchers discovered that the coexistence of such diverse microbes may not be dictated by competition, but by the timing of their nitrogen uptake.
With staggered uptake of the essential nutrient nitrogen, 鈥渋nstead of having to compete with the whole field, [microbes] only have to compete with the organisms that share that specific shift with [them]. Perhaps that’s one way that the competition is slightly alleviated and can facilitate all of these diverse microbes being able to live off of the same nutrient source,鈥� said co-first author , a doctoral student at Georgia Tech.
Because of the interdisciplinary team present on the 2015 research cruise, data on almost the entire metabolic process was collected simultaneously from the same water every four hours, giving researchers an unprecedented look at how metabolic activity differs among these microbes throughout the 24-hour cycle.
鈥淐ollecting all these different sample types 鈥� at the same time is really a first way to look at the whole ecosystem all at once from all these different perspectives,鈥� , a co-first author and research scientist at the Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute.
The data revealed that most of the activity occurred at four time points: dusk (6 p.m.), night (2 a.m.), morning (6 a.m.) and afternoon (between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.). While these times were important for many types of microbes, different groups鈥� activities at each time weren鈥檛 uniform.
鈥淩ealizing that various types of microbes acquire nitrogen at different times of day helps to answer a long-standing question in oceanography: How can there be such an incredible diversity of life, all essentially in the same place at the same time?鈥� said co-author , a UW professor of oceanography. 鈥淏eing able to explain the underlying reasons for this diversity will help oceanographers better predict how these communities may shift as the ocean changes.鈥�
, a UW research scientist in oceanography, is also a co-author. The research was supported by grants from the Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the U.S. Geological Survey.
A full list of authors is available with the .
For more information, contact Boysen at aboysen@uchicago.edu or Ingalls at aingalls@uw.edu.
This post was adapted from a by Georgia Tech.