Treatment with two common drugs reduced viral replication and lung damage when given to monkeys infected with the virus that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. The condition is deadly pneumonia that has killed more than 100 people, primarily in the Middle East.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS, was first reported in Saudi Arabia last year. The infection is caused by a coronavirus, called MERS-CoV, which is closely related to several coronaviruses that infect bats. About half of patients who developed the syndrome have died. Currently, there is no proven effective treatment.

The new findings show that a combination of interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin, drugs routinely used to treat hepatitis C, may be an effective treatment for MERS-CoV infection, said Dr. Angela L. Rasmussen, a research scientist in the Department of Microbiology at the 天美影视传媒 in Seattle and co-author of the study.

鈥淏ecause these two drugs are readily available, they could be used immediately to treat patients infected with MERS-CoV,鈥� Rasmussen said.

The study was conducted by researchers from the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, France; the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada; and the 天美影视传媒 in Seattle. The results were published online September 8 by the journal Nature Medicine. Darryl Falzarano, of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases鈥檚 Rocky Mountain Laboratory in Hamilton, Mont., 聽was the paper鈥檚 lead author.

Instead of directly targeting the virus like most conventional antivirals, these drugs work primarily by moderating the body鈥檚 immune response to the virus and by promoting repair of damaged lung tissue, said Rasmussen.

Working with the team of scientists in the UW Viromics Lab, led by Dr. Michael Katze, UW professor of microbiology, Rasmussen and her colleagues watched how the lung cells responded to the new treatment by tracking their gene expression profiles.

They did this by studying RNA extracted from the infected monkeys鈥� lungs to track changes in what is called the transcriptome. When a cell needs to use a gene, it copies the gene鈥檚 DNA-encoded instructions into RNA. That RNA transcript is then read to direct the assembly of a protein. With a 鈥渓ab on a chip鈥� technology, called a microarray, it is possible to detect and measure RNA transcripts from all the genes in a population of cells.聽 By analyzing the transcriptome, it is then possible to track how cells or a tissue respond to infection, a drug, or some other stimulus.聽 聽In this case, it allows researchers to study the host response to MERS-CoV in the context of the entire complex biological system, rather than one gene at a time.

Treatment interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin appeared to have several interesting effects. It increased the transcription of genes that fight viral infections, for example, and it reduced transcription of genes that promote inflammation.聽 Of particular interest to Rasmussen and her colleagues, however, was the finding that treatment induced an increase in the transcription of genes that assist in regulating a protein called sonic hedgehog.

The sonic hedgehog protein helps moderate the immune response so that the response targets the virus more precisely. This precision reduces collateral damage from broader, less discriminate attack, and helps stimulate repair and growth of lung tissue.

During infection with many severe respiratory viruses, such as influenza, much of the damage is done, not by the virus, but by the body鈥檚 uncontrolled immune response to the virus, Rasmussen said.

The findings of this new study suggest that, in the case of MERS-CoV infections, interferon-alpha 3b and ribavirin may work primarily by reducing damaging inflammation of the lung and promoting healing by altering the host response, rather than directly targeting the virus.

If that is indeed true, other drugs that can similarly modulate the body鈥檚 reaction to viral infections may also prove to be effective against MERS-CoV and other infectious agents, she said.

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Read the Nature Medicine: Falzarano et al. Interferon-伪2b and ribavirin treatment improves outcome in MERS-CoV-infected rhesus macaques.聽 Nature Medicine DOI: 10.1038/nm.3362 (2013).