Although Mars may have once resembled Earth, the rocky red planet now appears far from hospitable. Still, certain details 鈥� such as ice-bound water 鈥� pique researchers’ curiosity. Much like on Earth, ice contains valuable records of past climate that could say whether Mars hosts, or has ever hosted, life.

Aside from the poles, where ice is sometimes exposed, most of Mars鈥� ice is buried beneath a dusty surface layer. Dust impacts climate by darkening ice, which changes how much sunlight is reflected into space. A 天美影视传媒 study shows that the north pole of Mars contains less dust than scientists thought.

鈥淲e know there is water ice in the area surrounding the north pole of Mars, but there has been widespread disagreement as to how dusty that ice is,鈥� said , a senior research scientist at the UW鈥檚 . 鈥淚f it is dustier, the ice will be darker. Just like a dark T-shirt in the sun makes you warmer, dusty ice gets warmer and vaporizes faster on Mars.鈥�

Much of what we know about how Earth鈥檚 climate has evolved through millennia comes from sampling ice. Scientists drill deep into polar ice to draw out long cylinders that contain a record of the local atmosphere. Like a tree鈥檚 rings, these records can be dated to ancient periods of Earth鈥檚 history. But this is no easy task on Earth. On Mars, it鈥檚 even more complicated.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration celebrated its 50 years ago. In 2008, the successfully sampled ice near the north pole, a major triumph after the went missing near the south pole in 1999. The UW researchers used data from the Mars Phoenix mission, combined with observations from orbiting satellites, to complete this study.

Several years ago, Khuller discovered a discrepancy in the way researchers were analyzing the physical properties of ice on Mars. The leading approach was developed for studying soil on the Moon, but when Khuller checked its accuracy on Earth, the seemed off.

In this study, Pari Mohan, who recently graduated from the UW with a degree in geoscience, worked with Khuller to redo the calculations using a different method. Theirs is based on an approach developed by , UW professor emeritus of Earth and space science, and an expert in analyzing snow and ice.

鈥淗is methods had been used successfully to study snow and ice on Earth for decades. So I thought it would be interesting to adapt these Earth-tested methods to Mars,鈥� Khuller said.

The results suggest that the north pole is stacked 鈥渓ike an ice-cream sandwich,鈥� with layers of dustier ice between slabs of cleaner ice. A dusty layer of frost forms over the ice every winter and disappears in the summer, revealing older, cleaner ice. Previous estimates suggested that the top layer of polar ice contained as much as 25% dust by mass, but this study says it’s closer to 3%.

鈥淏y looking at how the brightness changed over time, we figured out that there is a frost that forms in the winter and it’s more dusty. In the Martian summer it goes away, exposing cleaner, older ice,鈥� Khuller said.

These layers contain key details about the climate of Mars thousands of years ago, when the ice is thought to have formed from snowfall. Mars experiences massive ice ages that have deposited shallow ice on roughly one-third of the planet.

Earth is stabilized by the gravitational pull of its moon. Mars, having only two small moons, “oscillates wildly,鈥� Khuller said, which causes these dramatic ice ages.

In a , Khuller and colleagues suggested that layers of dust and ice could create conditions for life on Mars. The dark layers could help trap sunlight and form pockets of meltwater within the ice. These pockets, enriched with nutrients from the dust, could potentially host bacteria and primitive life forms.

Similar pockets of shallow, dusty meltwater found in ice on Earth are often teeming with life in the summer. In the winter, the liquid water freezes and the microbes become dormant until the next summer.

鈥淭he fact that Mars and Earth both have these similar layers of water ice and dust is interesting,鈥� Khuller said. 鈥淲hy does one planet have life and the other doesn鈥檛?鈥�

Uncovering details about the climate moves the needle, but answering this question may take years. Khuller hopes to expand on this work by applying these improved methods to other regions of the red planet.

For more information, contact Khuller at akhuller@uw.edu.

Source

Scientists have yet to find evidence of life on Mars, but a new study from researchers at NASA鈥檚 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the 天美影视传媒 and other universities suggests microbes could find a potential home beneath 聽layers of ice known to exist on Mars鈥� surface.

In the , published Oct. 17 in Communications Earth & Environment, authors showed that enough sunlight shines through surface ice for photosynthesis to occur in shallow subsurface pools of meltwater. Similar subsurface meltwater pools that form within ice on Earth have been found to teem with life, including algae, fungi, and microscopic cyanobacteria, all of which derive energy from the sun via photosynthesis.

鈥淚f we鈥檙e trying to find life anywhere in the universe today, Martian ice exposures are probably one of the most accessible places we should be looking,鈥� said lead author at NASA鈥檚 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who will join the UW Applied Physics Laboratory as a senior research scientist in November.

Unlike Earth, Mars has two kinds of ice: frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide. The new study focused on water ice, largely formed from snow mixed with dust that fell during a series of Martian ice ages during the past million years. That ancient snow has since solidified into ice, still peppered with specks of dust.

Those dust particles are key to explaining how subsurface pools of water would form within ice when exposed to solar rays: dark dust absorbs more sunlight than the surrounding ice, causing the deeper ice to warm up and melt up to a few feet below the surface.

It鈥檚 a matter of debate whether ice can actually melt and exist as a liquid on the surface of Mars due to the planet鈥檚 thin, dry atmosphere, where water ice is believed to sublimate 鈥� turn directly into gas 鈥� the way dry ice does on Earth. But the atmospheric effects that make melting difficult on the surface wouldn鈥檛 apply below the surface of a dusty snowpack or glacier.

This new paper uses computer modeling to suggest that dusty ice lets in enough light for photosynthesis to occur as deep as 10 feet (3 meters) below the surface. In this scenario, the upper layers of ice prevent the shallow subsurface pools of water from evaporating while also providing protection from harmful radiation. That鈥檚 important given that, unlike Earth, Mars lacks a protective magnetic field to shield it from both the sun鈥檚 ultraviolet rays and radioactive cosmic ray particles zipping around space.

The water ice that would be most likely to form these subsurface pools would exist in Mars鈥� midlatitudes 鈥� between the latitudes of 30 degrees and 60 degrees 鈥� in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

鈥淭his latest paper examines the propagation of solar radiation into the ice, showing that just below the surface there is a zone that is safe from ultraviolet but still gets enough visible light to support photosynthesis,鈥� said co-author , professor emeritus of Earth and space sciences at the UW. 鈥淏ut of course photosynthetic organisms won鈥檛 survive unless the ice in that zone can melt, at least occasionally.鈥�

At the UW, Khuller plans to continue working to determine where liquid water is likely to exist on Mars. The next step, Khuller said, will be to recreate some of Mars鈥� dusty ice in a lab setting. Meanwhile, he and others are beginning to map out the most likely spots on Mars to look for shallow meltwater 鈥� scientific targets for possible human and robotic missions in the future.

at the University of Colorado Boulder is also a co-author on the new paper.

For more information, contact Khuller at akhuller@uw.edu and Warren at sgw@uw.edu.

Adapted from a NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory .

Source